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\u3000\u30001.\u5f53\u4e0b\u5c31\u5c06\u4f4f\u623f\u5356\u6389\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u94b1\u5b58\u5165\u94f6\u884c\u5403\u5b9a\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u597d\u5904\u662f20\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e74\u7eaa\u8f83\u5927\uff0c20\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5c31\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u6a21\u62df\u6d4b\u7b97\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ea4\u6613\u7a0e\u8d39\u6216\u201c\u6ee1\u4e94\u552f\u4e00\u201d\u53ef\u514d\u9664\u7a0e\u8d39\uff08\u8425\u4e1a\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\/\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u989d150\u4e07\u5143\u5b581\u5e74\u5b9a\u671f3.25%\u7684\u5229\u7387\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u53ea\u67094.87\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u67084063\u5143\u3002\u968f\u7740\u901a\u80c0\u800c\u8d2c\u503c\uff08\u4ecd\u63093%\u7684\u5e74\u5316\u901a\u80c0\u7387\uff09\uff0c20\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6708\u5b9a\u606f\u6536\u5165\u53ea\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u76842231\u5143\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a20\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5b9a\u606f\u6536\u5165\u603b\u6298\u73b0\u4ef7\u503c\u4e3a73.3\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u6bd4\u53cd\u5411\u6309\u63ed\u6240\u83b7\u603b\u6536\u5165\u4f4e\u63a5\u8fd120%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u4f1a\u5728\u8fc7\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u628a\u5168\u90e8\u552e\u623f\u6240\u5f97\u6d88\u8d39\u5b8c\uff08\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u7a0e\u8d1f\uff0c\u51c0\u5f97150\u4e07\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5269\u4f59(\u9884\u671f20\u5e74)\u5bff\u547d\u5185\u6d88\u8d39\u6298\u73b0\u503c\u4f1a\u9ad8\u4e8e\u53cd\u5411\u6309\u63ed\u6240\u5f97\u6b3e\u9879\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u4f4f\u623f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u51fa\u552e\u4e86\u4f4f\u623f\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5c31\u65e0\u4f4f\u5904\uff0c\u8fde\u79df\u623f\u90fd\u5f88\u96be\u79df\u5230\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5bff\u547d\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u8001\u4eba\u5bf9\u6d88\u8d39\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5b89\u6392\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u51fa\u552e\u4f4f\u623f\u8f6c\u4e3a\u73b0\u91d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u53ef\u62b5\u5fa1\u5927\u75c5\u7b49\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u901a\u80c0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u6297\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3000\u30002.\u4e0d\u51fa\u552e\u623f\u4ea7\uff0c\u9760\u79df\u91d1\u517b\u6d3b\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u76ee\u524d\u4f4f\u623f\u79df\u91d1\u6536\u76ca\u7387\u5e73\u5747\u53ea\u67092%\uff0c\u4ece\u5f53\u671f\u770b\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u552e\u623f\u540e\u5b58\u5b9a\u671f\u5229\u606f\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5176\u597d\u5904\u662f\u79df\u91d1\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u901a\u80c0\u800c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u8fd8\u662f\u9700\u8981\u524d\u63d0\u6709\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8001\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u4f4f\u623f\u591a\u4e3a\u5e74\u4ee3\u8f83\u4e45\u7684\u8001\u623f\u5b50\uff0866%\u662f1990\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8001\u623f\u5b50\uff09\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u529f\u80fd\u8f83\u5dee\uff0c\u79df\u91d1\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u589e\u957f\u6f5c\u529b\u4e0d\u5927\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u5b58\u91cf\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u3000\u3000\u4e0a\u6d77\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u7387\u5148 \u63a2\u7d22\u591a\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u201c\u4ee5\u623f\u517b\u8001\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3000\u3000\u517b\u8001\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u7edf\u7b79\u4fdd\u9669\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u57fa\u672c\u517b\u8001\u4fdd\u969c\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u517b\u8001\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u5f00\u653e\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9f13\u52b1\u653f\u7b56\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u5143\u5316\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u517b\u8001\u9009\u9879\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u53ea\u80fd\u6539\u5584\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u8001\u4eba\u7684\u517b\u8001\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3000\u3000\u4e0e\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u51fa\u79df\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u623f\u517b\u8001\u201d\u6bd4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u4f4f\u623f\u6309\u63ed\u6700\u5927\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u4e0d\u7528\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u51fa\u79df\u81ea\u5df1\u73b0\u6709\u4f4f\u623f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d27\u5e01\u5316\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u53ef\u5c45\u4f4f\u5230\u8001\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u642c\u8fc1\u4e4b\u82e6\u548c\u65e0\u623f\u53ef\u6709\u3001\u53ef\u79df\u4e4b\u5fe7\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u4e0d\u7528\u51fa\u552e\u4f4f\u623f\u5168\u90e8\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8d27\u5e01\u5316\u4f4f\u623f\u90e8\u5206\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u672a\u62b5\u62bc\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u8d44\u4ea7\u90e8\u5206\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u62b5\u5fa1\u5927\u75c5\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u610f\u5916\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u51cf\u5c11\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u6d88\u8d39\u6c34\u5e73\u53d7\u5bff\u547d\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u53cd\u5411\u4f4f\u623f\u6309\u63ed\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u5f00\u5c55\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u90fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u7b97\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8d27\u5e01\u5316\u5b9e\u7269\u8d44\u4ea7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387(Nakajima & Telyukova 2013; Moscarola et al. 2013)\u3002\u5982\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6587\u732e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u6309\u63ed\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u4e0b\u964d\u4e864%\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9000\u4f11\u8001\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f4f\u623f\u53cd\u5411\u62b5\u62bc\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e7320%\uff08Mayer & Simons\uff0c1994\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u3000\u3000\u4e0a\u6d77\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u8001\u9f84\u5316\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\uff0c\u517b\u8001\u538b\u529b\u5341\u5206\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0a\u6d77\u8001\u4eba\u4f4f\u623f\u81ea\u6709\u7387\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fbe80%\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f4f\u623f\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\uff0c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u6237\u5747\u4f4f\u623f\u8d44\u4ea7\u4ef7\u503c\u8fbe\u5230150\u4e07\u5143\uff0c\u623f\u4ef7\u9884\u671f\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u66f4\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u6765\u7387\u5148\u63a2\u7d22\u591a\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53cd\u5411\u6309\u63ed\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u5185\u7684\u201c\u4ee5\u623f\u517b\u8001\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u4ee5\u623f\u517b\u8001\u201d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5efa\u8bae\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u3000\u3000\u9f13\u52b1\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u5728\u4f4f\u623f\u4e0a\u201c\u4ee5\u5927\u6362\u5c0f\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5dee\u4ef7\u517b\u8001\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7c7b\u623f\u4ea7\u4ea4\u6613\u51cf\u514d\u4ea4\u6613\u7a0e\u548c\u8f6c\u8ba9\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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